German Citizenship Test flashcards
122 flashcards with the answer and a short explanation on the back, grouped by official topic. Read the question, decide your answer, then open the card to check. Works without JavaScript and prints cleanly.
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Cover the answer, say it out loud, then open the card. Cards you get right twice in a row are the ones to stop reviewing; cards you miss go back to the start of the pile. The German Citizenship Test asks 33 questions and the pass mark is 17 of 33 correct, so aim to know every card here, not just three quarters of them. Studying by topic is quickest: start with the largest topic below.
The real test is in German. These cards are in English to help you learn the content; practise the official wording with the official material linked on the country page.
Jump to topic: Living in a democracyHistory and responsibilityPeople and society
Living in a democracy 62 cards
What is the name of Germany’s constitution?
The Basic Law came into force on 23 May 1949.
What does Article 1 of the Basic Law say?
Protecting human dignity is the duty of all state authority.
How often is the Bundestag normally elected?
Federal elections normally take place every four years.
Who is Germany’s head of state?
The Federal President has mainly representative duties.
Who leads the federal government?
The Chancellor sets the main lines of government policy.
Who elects the Federal Chancellor?
The Chancellor is elected by the members of the Bundestag.
Which body represents the federal states at national level?
State governments take part in federal law-making through the Bundesrat.
Which court can declare a law unconstitutional?
The Federal Constitutional Court in Karlsruhe protects the Basic Law.
How many federal states (Bundesländer) does Germany have?
Three of them are city-states: Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen.
From what age can you vote in Bundestag elections?
Some states allow voting from 16 in local or state elections.
In Germany, people are allowed to speak openly against the government because what applies?
Freedom of expression (Meinungsfreiheit) is a basic right, so criticising the government is allowed. [DE: In Deutschland dürfen Menschen offen etwas gegen die Regierung sagen, weil …]
Until their child is 14, parents in Germany may decide whether the child takes part in which school lessons?
Parents decide on religious education until the child turns 14; after that the child decides. [DE: In Deutschland können Eltern bis zum 14. Lebensjahr ihres Kindes entscheiden, ob es in der Schule am … teilnimmt.]
Germany is a ‘Rechtsstaat’ (state governed by law). What does that mean?
In a Rechtsstaat the law binds everyone, including the state itself. [DE: Deutschland ist ein Rechtsstaat. Was ist damit gemeint?]
Which of these is one of the basic rights in Germany?
Freedom of expression is guaranteed by Article 5 of the Basic Law. [DE: Welches Recht gehört zu den Grundrechten in Deutschland?]
Which basic right in Germany applies only to foreigners?
Article 16a of the Basic Law grants asylum to the politically persecuted; Germans do not need it. [DE: Welches Grundrecht gilt in Deutschland nur für Ausländer / Ausländerinnen?]
Which of these is compatible with the German Basic Law?
The Basic Law bans torture, corporal punishment and the death penalty; fines are a lawful penalty. [DE: Was ist mit dem deutschen Grundgesetz vereinbar?]
A party in the Bundestag wants to abolish freedom of the press. Is that possible?
Freedom of the press is a basic right protected by the Basic Law and cannot be abolished. [DE: Eine Partei im Deutschen Bundestag will die Pressefreiheit abschaffen. Ist das möglich?]
In parliament, what does the term ‘opposition’ mean?
The opposition is made up of all MPs outside the governing coalition. [DE: Im Parlament steht der Begriff „Opposition“ für ...]
Freedom of expression in Germany means that I may do what?
You may voice opinions freely, but false factual claims and Nazi symbols are not protected. [DE: Meinungsfreiheit in Deutschland heißt, dass ich …]
When is freedom of expression restricted in Germany?
Defamation and false claims about people are not covered by freedom of expression. [DE: Wann ist die Meinungsfreiheit in Deutschland eingeschränkt?]
What is meant by the right of ‘Freizügigkeit’ (freedom of movement) in Germany?
Freizügigkeit (Article 11) lets Germans live and move anywhere within Germany. [DE: Was versteht man unter dem Recht der „Freizügigkeit“ in Deutschland?]
A party in Germany aims to establish a dictatorship. What is it then?
A party that fights the democratic order is unconstitutional and can be banned. [DE: Eine Partei in Deutschland verfolgt das Ziel, eine Diktatur zu errichten. Sie ist dann …]
What form of state does Germany have?
Germany is a federal republic; its head of state is an elected president, not a monarch. [DE: Was für eine Staatsform hat Deutschland?]
Which of these is not a federal state of Germany?
Alsace-Lorraine is a region of France; the other three are German Länder. [DE: Was ist kein Bundesland der Bundesrepublik Deutschland?]
Germany is which of the following?
Article 20 of the Basic Law defines Germany as a democratic and social federal state. [DE: Deutschland ist …]
Which animal is the heraldic animal of the Federal Republic of Germany?
The federal eagle (Bundesadler) is Germany's national emblem. [DE: Welches Tier ist das Wappentier der Bundesrepublik Deutschland?]
Which statement about Germany is correct?
Germany has no state church; state and religion are separated. [DE: Welche Aussage ist richtig? In Deutschland …]
How does the German state finance social insurance?
Social insurance is funded by contributions deducted from wages and paid by employers and employees. [DE: Womit finanziert der deutsche Staat die Sozialversicherung?]
What are the heads of government of most German federal states called?
Most Länder are led by a Ministerpräsident; the city states use other titles such as mayor. [DE: Wie werden die Regierungschefs / Regierungschefinnen der meisten Bundesländer in Deutschland genannt?]
Why is there more than one party in a democracy?
Several parties allow the range of citizens' views to be represented in parliament. [DE: Warum gibt es in einer Demokratie mehr als eine Partei?]
When can a party be banned in Germany?
Only the Federal Constitutional Court can ban a party, and only if it fights the democratic order. [DE: Wann kann in Deutschland eine Partei verboten werden?]
Which of these can citizens in Germany not elect directly?
The Federal President is elected by the Federal Convention, not by the people. [DE: Wen kann man als Bürger / Bürgerin in Deutschland nicht direkt wählen?]
Who determines school policy in Germany?
Education is a responsibility of the Länder, so school systems differ between states. [DE: Wer bestimmt in Deutschland die Schulpolitik?]
What is the economic system in Germany called?
Germany has a social market economy: supply and demand with state measures for social balance. [DE: Die Wirtschaftsform in Deutschland nennt man …]
What does ‘popular sovereignty’ (Volkssouveränität) mean? All state authority comes from whom?
Article 20 of the Basic Law states that all state authority emanates from the people. [DE: Was bedeutet „Volkssouveränität“? Alle Staatsgewalt geht vom … aus.]
Who appoints the ministers of the federal government in Germany?
Ministers are proposed by the Chancellor and formally appointed by the Federal President. [DE: Wer ernennt in Deutschland die Minister / die Ministerinnen der Bundesregierung?]
In Germany, the Bundestag and the Bundesrat belong to which branch of state power?
Both chambers make laws, so they form the legislative branch. [DE: In Deutschland gehören der Bundestag und der Bundesrat zur …]
Who wrote the words of the German national anthem?
Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote the 'Lied der Deutschen' in 1841; the music is by Joseph Haydn. [DE: Wer schrieb den Text zur deutschen Nationalhymne?]
Germany has a three-tier administrative structure. What is the lowest political level called?
The three tiers are the federation, the Länder and the Gemeinden (municipalities). [DE: Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland hat einen dreistufigen Verwaltungsaufbau. Wie heißt die unterste politische Stufe?]
What is the parliament for the whole of Germany called?
The Bundestag is Germany's national parliament; the Volkskammer was the GDR's parliament. [DE: Wie heißt das Parlament für ganz Deutschland?]
What is the Bundeswehr?
The Bundeswehr is Germany's armed forces, founded in 1955. [DE: Was ist die Bundeswehr?]
What is the main task of the German Federal President?
The Federal President is head of state with mainly representative duties; the Chancellor governs. [DE: Welche Hauptaufgabe hat der deutsche Bundespräsident / die deutsche Bundespräsidentin? Er / Sie …]
Who elects the Federal President in Germany?
The Bundesversammlung consists of Bundestag members and an equal number of state delegates. [DE: Wer wählt in Deutschland den Bundespräsidenten / die Bundespräsidentin?]
What does the parliamentary opposition in the Bundestag do?
Controlling and criticising the government is the central role of the opposition. [DE: Die parlamentarische Opposition im Deutschen Bundestag …]
What is the grouping of a party’s members in the German parliament called?
MPs of the same party form a Fraktion, which organises their work in parliament. [DE: Wie nennt man in Deutschland die Vereinigung von Abgeordneten einer Partei im Parlament?]
The more ‘second votes’ a party receives in a Bundestag election, what is the result?
The second vote (Zweitstimme) for a party list decides the share of seats in the Bundestag. [DE: Je mehr „Zweitstimmen“ eine Partei bei einer Bundestagswahl bekommt, desto …]
What must every German citizen possess from the age of 16?
Germans aged 16 and over must hold an identity card (Personalausweis) or a passport. [DE: Was muss jeder deutsche Staatsbürger / jede deutsche Staatsbürgerin ab dem 16. Lebensjahr besitzen?]
Which of these is not part of statutory social insurance in Germany?
Life insurance is private; pension, unemployment and care insurance are statutory schemes. [DE: Was gehört nicht zur gesetzlichen Sozialversicherung?]
Who pays for social insurance in Germany?
Contributions are shared between employer and employee and deducted from wages. [DE: Wer bezahlt in Deutschland die Sozialversicherungen?]
What honour can be awarded in Germany for special achievement in politics, the economy, culture or society?
The Bundesverdienstkreuz is the Federal Republic's only general order of merit. [DE: Womit kann man in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland geehrt werden, wenn man … eine besondere Leistung erbracht hat?]
A woman in Germany loses her job. Which of these may not be the reason for her dismissal?
Dismissal because of pregnancy is prohibited under maternity protection law. [DE: Eine Frau in Deutschland verliert ihre Arbeit. Was darf nicht der Grund für diese Entlassung sein?]
What minimum percentage of second votes must a party receive to enter the Bundestag?
The 5% threshold keeps very small parties out and makes forming governments easier. [DE: Wie viel Prozent der Zweitstimmen müssen Parteien mindestens bekommen, um in den Deutschen Bundestag gewählt zu werden?]
Elections in Germany are free. What does that mean?
A free election means no one may be forced to vote or to vote a certain way. [DE: Wahlen in Deutschland sind frei. Was bedeutet das?]
In a democracy, what is one function of regular elections?
Regular elections let voters replace the government peacefully. [DE: In einer Demokratie ist eine Funktion von regelmäßigen Wahlen, …]
Why does German electoral law have a 5% threshold?
The threshold prevents fragmentation of parliament, a lesson from the Weimar Republic. [DE: Warum gibt es die 5 %-Hürde im Wahlgesetz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland?]
Which of these is elected directly by the people in Germany?
Voters elect the Bundestag; it in turn elects the Chancellor. [DE: Vom Volk gewählt wird in Deutschland …]
Many people in Germany do voluntary work (Ehrenamt) in their free time. What does that mean?
Ehrenamt is unpaid voluntary work, for example in sports clubs or the fire brigade. [DE: Viele Menschen in Deutschland arbeiten in ihrer Freizeit ehrenamtlich. Was bedeutet das?]
In Germany, you go to the labour court (Arbeitsgericht) in which case?
Labour courts handle disputes between employees and employers, such as dismissals. [DE: Sie gehen in Deutschland zum Arbeitsgericht bei …]
What can you do in Germany if your employer has dismissed you unlawfully?
A Kündigungsschutzklage must be filed with the labour court within three weeks. [DE: Was kann ich in Deutschland machen, wenn mir mein Arbeitgeber / meine Arbeitgeberin zu Unrecht gekündigt hat?]
What does a lay judge (Schöffe) do in Germany?
Schöffen are honorary lay judges who sit alongside professional judges in criminal trials. [DE: Was macht ein Schöffe / eine Schöffin in Deutschland?]
What is a task of the police in Germany?
The police enforce the law; defence is the Bundeswehr's job and lawmaking is parliament's. [DE: Was ist eine Aufgabe der Polizei in Deutschland?]
What is a lay judge (Gerichtsschöffe) in Germany?
Lay judges are citizens without legal training who serve as honorary judges. [DE: Ein Gerichtsschöffe / eine Gerichtsschöffin in Deutschland ist …]
History and responsibility 35 cards
In which year was the Federal Republic of Germany founded?
The Federal Republic (West) and the GDR (East) were both founded in 1949.
In which year did the Berlin Wall fall?
The Wall opened on 9 November 1989.
On which date is German Unity Day celebrated?
Germany was reunified on 3 October 1990.
Who built the Berlin Wall?
The East German government built the Wall in 1961 to stop its citizens fleeing to the West. [DE: Wer baute die Mauer in Berlin?]
What happened on 8 May 1945?
Germany's unconditional surrender took effect on 8 May 1945. [DE: Was war am 8. Mai 1945?]
What did Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg become known for?
Stauffenberg planted the bomb in the failed 20 July 1944 plot and was executed the same night. [DE: Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg wurde bekannt durch …]
What happened in Germany on 9 November 1938?
The November pogrom ('Kristallnacht') saw synagogues burned and Jews attacked across Germany. [DE: Was passierte am 9. November 1938 in Deutschland?]
Who was the first Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany?
Adenauer (CDU) was Chancellor from 1949 to 1963. [DE: Wie hieß der erste Bundeskanzler der Bundesrepublik Deutschland?]
At which demonstrations did people chant ‘Wir sind das Volk’ (We are the people)?
The chant came from the peaceful protests in Leipzig and other East German cities in autumn 1989. [DE: Bei welchen Demonstrationen in Deutschland riefen die Menschen „Wir sind das Volk“?]
Which countries were the ‘Allied occupying powers’ in Germany after the Second World War?
The four victorious Allies divided Germany into four occupation zones in 1945. [DE: Welche Länder wurden nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg in Deutschland als „Alliierte Besatzungsmächte“ bezeichnet?]
What does ‘social market economy’ mean?
The social market economy combines a free market with a welfare state. [DE: Soziale Marktwirtschaft bedeutet, die Wirtschaft …]
How many occupation zones were there in Germany after the Second World War?
Germany was divided into American, British, French and Soviet zones. [DE: Wie viele Besatzungszonen gab es in Deutschland nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg?]
Which German city was divided into four sectors after the Second World War?
Berlin was split into four Allied sectors, later East and West Berlin. [DE: Welche deutsche Stadt wurde nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg in vier Sektoren aufgeteilt?]
From June 1948 to May 1949 West Berlin was supplied by an airlift. Why?
The Soviet blockade cut land links, so the Western Allies flew in supplies. [DE: Vom Juni 1948 bis zum Mai 1949 wurden die Bürger und Bürgerinnen von West-Berlin durch eine Luftbrücke versorgt. Welcher Umstand war dafür verantwortlich?]
How did the Second World War in Europe officially end?
The Wehrmacht's unconditional surrender in May 1945 ended the war in Europe. [DE: Wie endete der Zweite Weltkrieg in Europa offiziell?]
What did Willy Brandt express by kneeling in 1970 at the former Jewish ghetto in Warsaw?
Brandt's 'Kniefall' was a gesture of remorse for German crimes in the Second World War. [DE: Was wollte Willy Brandt mit seinem Kniefall 1970 im ehemaligen jüdischen Ghetto in Warschau ausdrücken?]
Which parties were forcibly merged in 1946 into the SED, the ruling party of the later GDR?
The Communist KPD and the Social Democratic SPD were merged in the Soviet zone to form the SED. [DE: Welche Parteien wurden 1946 zwangsweise zur SED vereint, der Einheitspartei der späteren DDR?]
In 1953 there was an uprising in the GDR that West Germany long remembered with a public holiday. On which date?
17 June was West Germany's 'Day of German Unity' until 1990 in memory of the 1953 uprising. [DE: Im Jahr 1953 gab es in der DDR einen Aufstand, an den lange Zeit in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ein Feiertag erinnerte. Wann war das?]
Which German state had a black-red-gold flag with a hammer, compass and wreath of grain?
East Germany added the hammer, compass and wreath to the tricolour in 1959. [DE: Welcher deutsche Staat hatte eine schwarz-rot-goldene Flagge mit Hammer, Zirkel und Ährenkranz?]
In which year was the Berlin Wall built?
Construction of the Wall began on 13 August 1961. [DE: In welchem Jahr wurde die Mauer in Berlin gebaut?]
Why is autumn 1989 in the GDR called ‘Die Wende’ (the turning point)? How did the GDR change politically?
Peaceful protests ended SED rule and led to free elections and reunification. [DE: Warum nennt man die Zeit im Herbst 1989 in der DDR „Die Wende“? In dieser Zeit veränderte sich die DDR politisch …]
In the GDR, what did the abbreviation ‘Stasi’ refer to?
The Stasi was East Germany's secret police and intelligence service. [DE: Mit der Abkürzung „Stasi“ meinte man in der DDR …]
What was the economic system of the GDR called?
The GDR had a centrally planned economy controlled by the state. [DE: Wie hieß das Wirtschaftssystem der DDR?]
How did the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR become one state?
On 3 October 1990 the newly formed eastern Länder acceded to the Federal Republic under the Basic Law. [DE: Wie wurden die Bundesrepublik Deutschland und die DDR zu einem Staat?]
What happened in the GDR on 17 June 1953?
The 1953 uprising against the SED regime was crushed by Soviet tanks. [DE: Was ereignete sich am 17. Juni 1953 in der DDR?]
Which politician is associated with the ‘Ostverträge’ (Eastern treaties)?
Brandt's Ostpolitik produced treaties with the Soviet Union, Poland and the GDR in the early 1970s. [DE: Welcher Politiker steht für die „Ostverträge“?]
Who is known as the ‘Chancellor of German Unity’?
Kohl was Chancellor during reunification in 1990. [DE: Wer wird als „Kanzler der Deutschen Einheit“ bezeichnet?]
During which period did the German Democratic Republic (GDR) exist?
The GDR was founded in October 1949 and ceased to exist on reunification in October 1990. [DE: In welchem Zeitraum gab es die Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR)?]
How many federal states joined the Federal Republic of Germany at reunification in 1990?
Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia joined in 1990. [DE: Wie viele Bundesländer kamen bei der Wiedervereinigung 1990 zur Bundesrepublik Deutschland hinzu?]
27 January is an official day of remembrance in Germany. What does it commemorate?
27 January marks the liberation of Auschwitz in 1945. [DE: Der 27. Januar ist in Deutschland ein offizieller Gedenktag. Woran erinnert dieser Tag?]
Germany is a member of the Schengen Agreement. What does that mean?
Schengen abolished border controls between participating European states. [DE: Deutschland ist Mitglied des Schengener Abkommens. Was bedeutet das?]
What does the abbreviation EU stand for?
The EU is the political and economic union of European states to which Germany belongs. [DE: Was bedeutet die Abkürzung EU?]
How often is the European Parliament elected?
European elections take place every five years in all EU member states. [DE: Das Europäische Parlament wird regelmäßig gewählt, nämlich alle …]
Where is the seat of the European Parliament?
The European Parliament's official seat is Strasbourg; it also works in Brussels and Luxembourg. [DE: Wo ist der Sitz des Europäischen Parlaments?]
Since when has cash in euros been used in Germany?
Euro notes and coins replaced the Deutsche Mark on 1 January 2002. [DE: Seit wann bezahlt man in Deutschland mit dem Euro in bar?]
People and society 25 cards
What colours are on the German flag?
Black, red and gold stand for unity, justice and freedom.
What is the capital of Germany?
Bonn was the capital of West Germany until reunification.
Is freedom of religion protected in Germany?
Article 4 of the Basic Law protects freedom of faith and conscience.
Are parents in Germany allowed to hit their children as punishment?
Physical punishment of children is not allowed.
Who decides whether a child in Germany goes to kindergarten?
Kindergarten is voluntary; the decision lies with the parents. [DE: Wer entscheidet, ob ein Kind in Deutschland in den Kindergarten geht?]
Maik and Sybille want to hold a street demonstration with friends in their German home town. What must they do first?
Assembly is a basic right, but open-air demonstrations must be registered first. [DE: Maik und Sybille wollen mit Freunden an ihrem deutschen Wohnort eine Demonstration auf der Straße abhalten. Was müssen sie vorher tun?]
Who may not live together as a couple in Germany?
A relationship between an adult and a 13-year-old is illegal; adult same-sex couples are lawful. [DE: Wer darf in Deutschland nicht als Paar zusammenleben?]
Which school qualification is normally needed to start a university degree in Germany?
The Abitur is the general higher-education entrance qualification. [DE: Welchen Schulabschluss braucht man normalerweise, um an einer Universität in Deutschland ein Studium zu beginnen?]
At what age do you reach legal adulthood in Germany?
At 18 a person is volljährig: fully legally responsible and entitled to vote. [DE: Ab welchem Alter ist man in Deutschland volljährig?]
A pregnant woman is specially protected by law shortly before and after birth. What is this protection called?
Mutterschutz bans dismissal and most work in the weeks around the birth. [DE: Eine Frau ist schwanger. Sie ist kurz vor und nach der Geburt ihres Kindes vom Gesetz besonders beschützt. Wie heißt dieser Schutz?]
Which statement about marriage in Germany is correct?
Bigamy is a criminal offence in Germany; remarriage after divorce or death is allowed. [DE: In Deutschland …]
Where must you register when you move house in Germany?
A new address must be registered at the local Einwohnermeldeamt, usually within two weeks. [DE: Wo müssen Sie sich anmelden, wenn Sie in Deutschland umziehen?]
What is the youth welfare office (Jugendamt) allowed to do in Germany?
The Jugendamt may take a child into care when its welfare is at risk. [DE: Was darf das Jugendamt in Deutschland?]
In Germany, young people are criminally responsible from the age of 14. What does this mean for those who break the law?
From 14, offenders are punished, but under the more lenient juvenile justice system. [DE: In Deutschland sind Jugendliche ab 14 Jahren strafmündig. Das bedeutet: Jugendliche, die 14 Jahre und älter sind und gegen Strafgesetze verstoßen, …]
Where must you go first in Germany if you want to get married?
Only a civil marriage at the Standesamt is legally valid; a religious ceremony is optional. [DE: Wohin muss man in Deutschland zuerst gehen, wenn man heiraten möchte?]
When does the statutory night-time quiet period begin in Germany?
Nachtruhe generally runs from 22:00 to 06:00, when loud noise must be avoided. [DE: Wann beginnt die gesetzliche Nachtruhe in Deutschland?]
From the age of three until starting school, children in Germany are entitled to what?
Every child aged three and over has a legal right to a place in a kindergarten. [DE: In Deutschland haben Kinder ab dem Alter von drei Jahren bis zur Ersteinschulung einen Anspruch auf …]
The Volkshochschule in Germany is an institution for what?
Volkshochschulen offer adult education courses, from languages to vocational skills. [DE: Die Volkshochschule in Deutschland ist eine Einrichtung …]
You have deliberately opened a letter addressed to someone else. What have you disregarded?
Briefgeheimnis is protected by Article 10 of the Basic Law and by criminal law. [DE: Sie haben in Deutschland absichtlich einen Brief geöffnet, der an eine andere Person adressiert ist. Was haben Sie nicht beachtet?]
Which honorary role must German citizens take on if called upon to do so?
Citizens can be obliged to serve as election helpers, counting votes on polling day. [DE: Welches Ehrenamt müssen deutsche Staatsbürger / Staatsbürgerinnen übernehmen, wenn sie dazu aufgefordert werden?]
Which body in a company helps employees with problems with their employer?
Employees elect a Betriebsrat to represent their interests towards the employer. [DE: Welche Organisation in einer Firma hilft den Arbeitnehmern und Arbeitnehmerinnen bei Problemen mit dem Arbeitgeber / der Arbeitgeberin?]
Why must you state on your German tax return whether you belong to a church?
Church members pay Kirchensteuer, collected by the state together with income tax. [DE: Warum muss man in Deutschland bei der Steuererklärung aufschreiben, ob man zu einer Kirche gehört oder nicht?]
What are the last four weeks before Christmas called in Germany?
Advent is marked with wreaths, candles and calendars in the four weeks before Christmas. [DE: In Deutschland nennt man die letzten vier Wochen vor Weihnachten …]
What were foreign workers recruited by West Germany in the 1950s and 1960s called?
Guest workers were recruited from Italy, Spain, Greece, Turkey and elsewhere. [DE: Ausländische Arbeitnehmer und Arbeitnehmerinnen, die in den 50er- und 60er Jahren von der Bundesrepublik Deutschland angeworben wurden, nannte man …]
From which country did the first guest workers (Gastarbeiter) come to West Germany?
The first recruitment agreement was signed with Italy in 1955. [DE: Aus welchem Land kamen die ersten Gastarbeiter / Gastarbeiterinnen in die Bundesrepublik Deutschland?]
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